Sunlight
has a vital role in every living creature, one of which is the formation of
vitamin D, which is beneficial for bone growth (1). However, exposure to excessive sunlight can cause the epidermal
layer of the skin to no longer protect from the harmful effects caused by sun
exposure. So, it can cause mild disorders such as sunburn and chronic disorders
to skin malignancy. Several ways can be done to prevent those severe effects,
one of which is using sunscreen. Sunscreen is a substance that can protect the
skin from UV radiation. The effectiveness and activity of sunscreen refer to
the value of sun protection factor, percent of erythema transmission, and
percent of pigmentation transmission, which reflect the capabilities of
sunscreen products in protecting the skin from erythema and pigmentation due to
UV exposure (2).
Sunscreen
can be obtained from natural ingredients such as astaxanthin compounds in
marine life, including giant tiger prawns (Penaeus Monodon) (3). The giant tiger prawn is a marine biota commonly consumed by the public. They contain
quite high astaxanthin, namely the head and shell of the prawn (4). However, so far, the prawn heads have been left to rot, and only a few people use them to
produce prawn sauce,
an Indonesian traditional sauce called “sambal petis,” or prawn
crackers. The antioxidant properties of carotenoids (astaxanthin) in the head
and shells of giant tiger prawns (Penaeus Monodon) have the potential to be
used in various industries, including the cosmetics and pharmaceutical
industries (3).
Astaxanthin
has a conjugated double-bond structure that inhibits UV exposure to the skin.
According to Prasiddha et al., the compounds in sunscreen can protect the skin
because of the conjugate bonds, and then these bonds will resonate when exposed
to UV rays and reduce their energy so that they can protect the skin from
exposure to UV rays (5). Stahl et al. and Hawkins have also studied the protective
effect of astaxanthin, where the results show that astaxanthin effectively
reduces the formation of polyamine compounds, which can cause skin damage. This
study concluded that astaxanthin works by producing enzymes that break down
polyamine compounds due to the UV process (6).
The
dosage form selection in the sunscreen formula is an important element related
to the convenience of use and stability during storage. Gels are semi-solid
preparations in which the movement of the dispersing medium is limited by a
three-dimensional network of particles or macromolecules dissolved in the
dispersing phase. Gel preparations are often used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic,
and food products. The selection of this gel form is related to its many
advantages: no sticky feeling upon application, ease of washing, and higher
spreadability on the skin resulting from the high water content in the gel. The
water content in the gel will hydrate the stratum corneum to become more
permeable to active substances, increasing the permeation of active substances (). In addition, in this study, carbopol 940 was used as a gel base
because it can form a smooth, transparent gel, and at room temperature,
carbopol can maintain its viscosity in the long term ().
Declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicting interest.
Data Availability
The unpublished data is available upon request to the corresponding author.
Numerous
publications have explored the formulation of sunscreen gel preparations,
predominantly sourced from natural plants and chemical synthetics (8, 9, 10). This research introduces an innovative alternative by harnessing
astaxanthin derived from tiger prawn heads for sunscreen applications. A
pivotal criterion for sunscreen formulations is their ability to efficiently
absorb sunlight within the 290-320 nm wavelength range while maintaining
stability during use. Thus, this study evaluates the efficacy and stability of
sunscreen gel preparations containing tiger prawn head extract.
Materials
and Methods
Materials
The
sample material used was the extract of the giant tiger prawn head (Penaeus
Monodon) from the ponds in Mororejo Village, Kaliwungu Sub-district, Kendal
Regency, Central Java. The giant tiger prawns (Penaeus Monodon) were
determined in The Ecology and Systematics Laboratory of the Department of
Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Indonesia.
Other ingredients used in this study were virgin coconut oil (PT. Okusi
Biotech), carbopol 940 (Brataco, Indonesia), triethanolamine (Brataco,
Indonesia), propylene glycol (Brataco Indonesia); methylparaben (Brataco,
Indonesia); aquadest, hexane (Merck, German); acetone (Merck, German);
chloroform (Merck, German); and a muslin cloth (Merck, German).
Giant Tiger Prawn Head Extraction
The sample of prawn heads was
separated from the bodies and tails before being washed and added with lime (4).
These were then dried in the sun while covered with a black cloth for 4 h. Then,
it was dried in the oven at 40oC until dry, then blended and sieved
in 80 mesh.
Approximately
28 g of simplicia obtained from giant tiger prawn heads were introduced into
coconut oil heated to 70°C and stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 2 h.
Subsequently, the resulting extract was centrifugated (Kubota 5100, Japan) at
4500 g per minute for 10 min, maintaining a temperature of 20°C. The
supernatant was carefully collected for further analysis, wherein the total
astaxanthin content was quantified utilizing a UV-Vis spectrophotometry
detector set to a wavelength of 486 nm (Shimadzu, Japan) (12). The yield of astaxanthin (µg/L) was calculated using the equation
1:
TotalAstaxanthin(Lμg)=100xWxEAxVxDx106
Equation 1
A means the absorbance, V implies the volume of oil, D
indicates the extinction coefficient of coconut oil (2315), and W means the weight
of the sample dissolved in oil.
Astaxanthin Identification using Thin Layer Chromatography
Astaxanthin was identified in shrimp head
extract using thin-layer chromatography. The extracted sample was stained on a
KLT GF 254 plate with eluent hexane: acetone (3:1) (13). Then, the plate was observed in a spectrophotometer with 254 nm
and 366 nm wavelengths. The Rf value was determined using an astaxanthin
standard to confirm the presence of astaxanthin.
Sunscreen Gel
Preparation
The sunscreen gel was formulated using varying
concentrations of giant tiger prawn head extract, precisely at 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%,
8%, and 10%. Table 1 shows the composition of the sunscreen gel containing
giant tiger prawn head extract.
All the ingredients were carefully measured according to the prescribed formula. Methyl and propylparaben were first dissolved in distilled water. Subsequently, carbopol 940 was introduced into the solution and stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer, forming a gel mass. Glycerin and TEA were then incorporated into the base and stirred until a homogeneous consistency was achieved. The giant tiger prawn head extract was added to the base gel mixture and stirred until the mixture reached a uniform blend. Once this was accomplished, the gel was transferred into a suitable container, and measurements for SPF, %TE, and %TP were conducted.
Table 1. Sunscreen gel formula.
Materials
Formula
Roles
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Giant Tiger Prawn Heads
1%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Sunscreen Active
Substance
Carbopol 940
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
Gel Forming Agent
Methyl Paraben
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
Preservative
Propyl Paraben
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
Preservative
Triethanolamine
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
Neutralizer
Propylene glycol
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
Humectants
Aquades
q.s
q.s
q.s
q.s
q.s
q.s
Base
In Vitro Test
Sun Protection Factor
The astaxanthin extract with a 4% concentration
was inserted into the cuvette. Then, a test absorption curve was made with a
wavelength of 290 - 320 nm with 5 nm intervals of coconut oil used as a blank.
The absorbance results were recorded then the SPF value was calculated using
the Mansur method (14).
Table 2. Normalized product function used in SPF calculation.
No.
Wave Length (nm)
EE ×I
1.
290
0.0150
2.
295
0.0817
3.
300
0.2874
4.
305
0.3278
5.
310
0.1864
6.
315
0.0839
7.
320
0.0180
Total
1
The gel from all samples was precisely weighed to 1 g, then transferred into a 100 ml volumetric flask and diluted with chloroform to reach a final volume of 100 ml. Subsequently, ultrasonication was performed for 5 min, followed by filtration through a muslin cloth. The initial 10 ml fraction was discarded, and aliquots of 5 ml each were transferred into separate 50 ml volumetric flasks, then further diluted with chloroform (15). The absorbance of the sample solution was then recorded within the 290 - 320 nm wavelength range, using 5 nm intervals, employing a 1 cm cuvette with chloroform serving as the blank. Using the Mansur method, the recorded absorbance values were then utilized to calculate the SPF value. (16).
SPF=CFx290∑320EE(λ)xI(λ)xAbs(λ)
Equation 2
Where EE represents the erythema effect spectrum, I represents spectrum intensity, Abs signifies the absorbance of the sunscreen gel, and CF denotes the correction factor, which is fixed at a value of 10. It's important to note that the constants EE and I are predetermined based on the values provided in Table 2 (14).
Erythema Transmission
The test absorption curve of the dissolved
gel in the previous stage was made with a wavelength of 292.5 - 337.5 nm with 5
nm intervals. The absorbance results were recorded, and then the calculation
was carried out using the Equation 3:
A=−logT
Equation 3
where A means absorbance and T means transmittance. Transmission
of erythema (Te) is calculated using the Equation 4:
Te=T×Fe
Equation 4
where
means transmission of erythema and Fe means erythema flux. In
this case, Fe is the erythema flux whose value is at a particular wavelength
(290-320 nm) (16). The amount of erythema flux passed on by sunscreens (Ee) is
calculated by Equation 5:
Ee=Σ(TxFe)
Equation 5
The percentage of erythema transmission
(%TE) is calculated using the Equation 6:
Erythematransmision=ΣFeEe=ΣFeΣ(TxFe)
Equation 6
Transmission of Pigmentation
The test absorption curve was made with a wavelength
of 322.5 - 372.5 nm with 5 nm intervals. The absorption data were recorded, and
then the calculation was done using the formula below.
Tp=T×Fp
Equation 7
where Tp is transmission of pigmentation, T is transmission, and Fp is
flux of pigmentation. The amount of pigmentation flux passed on by the
sunscreens (Ep) is calculated by Equation 8.
Ep=Σ(TxFp)
Equation 8
where Ep means the amount of
erythema flux passed on by the sunscreens. % transmission of pigmentation (%TP)
is calculated using the following Equation 9.
pigmentationtransmission=ΣFpEp=ΣFpΣ(TxFp)
Equation 9
Formula Characterization and
Cycling Test
The optimization of the gel formula
involved a comprehensive series of tests, including organoleptic evaluation,
gel dispersion assessment, pH measurement, adhesion analysis, homogeneity
examination, and stability assessment. The stability of the gel was scrutinized
utilizing the cycling test method, an accelerated approach that involves
storing the gel under varying temperature conditions to expedite stability
evaluation. The gel was initially stored at a temperature of 40±2°C for a
duration of 24 h, followed by placement at 5±2°C for another 24 h. This
complete cycle was repeated six times for 12 days (5). The physical stability of the gel was then evaluated based on the
organoleptic test, gel dispersion test, pH assessment, adhesion evaluation, and
homogeneity analysis.
Data Analysis
The statistical analysis assessed
differences in various parameters among sunscreen gel formulations with varying
concentrations of giant tiger prawn extract. This included pH values, adhesion,
dispersion, SPF values, pigmentation transmission percentage, and erythema
transmission percentage. IBM SPSS Statistics 25 was used for data analysis.
Levene's Test determined homogeneity, while the Shapiro-Wilk test assessed
normality (p<0.05 indicated normal distribution). If the ANOVA test
showed significance, the analysis proceeded with the Least Significant
Difference (LSD) test. Alternatively, if homogeneity and normality criteria
were not met, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed, followed by the Duncan test
if significant differences were observed (p<0.05).
Results
Giant Tiger Prawn Head
Extraction
The astaxanthin yield obtained in this
study was 87.05 mg/g, consistent with existing literature that reports astaxanthin
content in giant tiger prawns ranging from 10 to 150 mg/kg (18). Detailed results of the giant
tiger prawn head extraction can be found in Table 3.
Table 3. Giant tiger prawn head extraction results.
SampleWeight
SimpliciaWeight
TheExtractedSimplicialWeight
ExtractType
TotalExtract
TotalAstaxanthinYield
4 kg of Giant Tiger Prawn
250 g
28 g
Giant Tiger Prawn Head
Oil
759 ml
87.05
g/g
Astaxanthin Identification using
Thin Layer Chromatography
The thin layer chromatography (TLC)
analysis results for the astaxanthin derivative revealed distinct stains on the
TLC plate, as depicted in Figure 1. Within the sample, a total of eight stains
were identified, each corresponding to specific compounds: astaxanthin ester
(Rf value 0.10-0.16), trans-astaxanthin (Rf value 0.26), β-cryptoxanthin (Rf
value 0.35), canthaxanthin (Rf value 0.40), astaxanthin monoester (Rf value
0.50), and semiastacene (Rf value 0.62-0.67) (12).
Figure 1. The thin layer chromatography under UV light 254 nm (A) and 366 nm (B).
Sun Protection Factor,
Transmission of Erythema, and Transmission of Pigmentation
Highest SPF was in giant tiger prawn head
extract, similar to FV (8%), FIV (6%), and FIII (4%), with other treatments
differing significantly. See Table 4 for average SPF, %TE, and %TP values.
Table 4. Average values of sun protection factor and transmission of erythema and pigmentation.
Formula
Average Value of SPF
Average Value of %TE
Average Value of %TP
Extract
8.0 ± 0.11
18.8±0.25
21.8±0.73
Negative Control
0.005 ± 0.00
99.9±0.173
97.4±4.16
Negative Control (10% oil)
0.2 ± 0.104
94.4±0.34
94.6±1.02
Astaxanthin 4%
7.7 ± 0.24
16.0±0.20
17.4±0.12
F I
0.4 ± 0.027
98.9±0.92
98.4±1.35
F II
2.9 ± 0.089
50.5±0.31
46.8±1.38
F III
4.3 ± 0.13
37.5±1.65
33.7±2.12
F IV
4.4 ± 0.21
35.1±0.84
28.8±0.95
F V
6.7 ± 0.27
20.4±0.10
19.6±0.65
F VI
3.0 ± 0.015
50.6±0.32
43.7±0.32
Physical Properties of Giant
Tiger Prawn Head Sunscreen Gel
The organoleptic assessment of the gel
encompassed a visual examination of its texture, color, and odor. Results from
the organoleptic test indicated that all gel formulations exhibited favorable
organoleptic characteristics. A comprehensive overview of the physical
properties evaluation for the giant tiger prawn head extract sunscreen gel is
provided in Table 5.
Table 5. Gel characterization evaluation before cycling test.
Formula
Organoleptic
pH
Spreadability
(cm)
Adhesivity
(s)
Homogeneity
Negative Control
Odorless, clear, limpid, and
translucent, soft gel
6
5.7±0.52
0.8±0.025
Homogeneous
Negative Control of
Oil 10%
Odorless, white, limpid,
translucent gel with separate oil
6
6.6±0.35
0.6±0.046
Heterogenous
Positive Control of Astaxanthin 4%
Odorless, dark red, soft gel
5
5.7±0.45
0.5±0.081
Homogeneous
F I
Odorless, white, limpid,
slightly translucent, soft gel
6
5.0±0.21
0.9±0.081
Homogeneous
F II
Odorless, white bone, not
transparent, soft gel
5
5.4±0.38
0.8±0.087
Homogeneous
F III
Odorless, white
with a slight hint of orange, not transparent,
5
5.7±0.15
0.7±0.155
Homogeneous
F IV
Odorless, white with
a slight hint of orange, less transparent
5
5.7±0.40
0.7±0.030
Homogeneous
F V
It has a slight odor from the active
substance, orange, transparent
5
5.9±0.26
0.6±0.100
Homogeneous
F VI
It has a slight odor from the active
substance, orange transparent, the active substance oil
is separated from the base
7
7.0±0.21
0.5±0.061
Heterogenous
In the normality
and homogeneity tests, all spreadability and adhesivity values for the gel
before the cycling test, including three control samples and six different
formulas, met the criteria with p-values exceeding 0.001, confirming
normal distribution and homogeneity across all concentrations. This allowed for
a one-way ANOVA test, which revealed significant differences (p<0.001)
among concentrations at the 5% significance level. Subsequently, post hoc LSD
tests were conducted to explore individual concentration differences further.
Physical Properties of Gel
After Cycling Test
Physical
properties assessment of giant tiger prawn head extracts sunscreen gel after cycling
test shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Gel characterization evaluation after cycling test.
Formula
Organoleptic
pH
Spreadability
(cm)
Adhesivity
(s)
Homogeneity
Negative
control
Clear,
limpid, translucent.
6
4.7±0.21
0.7±0.17
Homogeneous
Negative
control of oil 10%
Odorless, white,
limpid, translucent gel with separate oil.
6
5.8±0.52
0.5±0.12
Homogeneous
Positive
control of astaxanthin 4%
Basic, dark
red.
5
5.5±0.45
0.5±0.07
Heterogenous
F I
Odorless, white,
limpid, slightly translucent.
6
3.9±0.91
0.8±0.015
Homogeneous
F II
Odorless, white
bone, not transparent.
5
4.8±0.25
0.7±0.015
Homogeneous
F III
Odorless, white
with a slight hint of orange, not transparent.
5
4.93±0.21
0.6±0.015
Homogeneous
F IV
Odorless, white
with a slight hint of orange, less transparent
5
5.3±0.40
0.5±0.015
Homogeneous
F V
It has a
slight odor from the active substance, carbopol, orange, transparent
5
5.4±0.31
0.5±0.021
Homogeneous
F VI
It has a
slight odor from the active substance, orange transparent, the active
substance oil is separated from the base
7
5.8±0.67
0.5±0.026
Homogeneous
Discussion
Sun Protection Factor, Transmission of Erythema, and Transmission of
Pigmentation
Figure 2 reveals the tiger prawn head
extract's average SPF value at 8.07±0.11, indicating maximum skin protection
for approximately 80 min (19). The extract exhibited erythema transmission of 18.79±0.25%,
classifying it as a fast tanning sunscreen, and 21.75% ± 0.73, falling within
the sunblock category (19). These findings align with literature categorizing tiger prawn head
extract's SPF and erythema transmission as maximum protection and fast tanning (20). The extract's astaxanthin compound, with potent biological
antioxidant properties, mitigates hyperpigmentation by absorbing excessive
energy from reactive oxygen substances (ROS), including singlet oxygen,
preventing melanin formation due to UV radiation and skin damage (21).
Figure 2. Diagram of sun protection factor values of positive (PC) and negative (NC and INC) control groups, tiger prawn head extract (EXC), and the six sunscreen gel formulas (FI-FVI). Values followed by an asterisk (*) are significantly different from negative control and FI groups (NC and INC) (p<0.05).
The SPF tests for the two negative controls
yielded shallow average values: 0.004±0.0015 for the control without active
substances and 0.22 ± 0.104 for the control with 10% VCO oil. These values significantly
differed from the five formulas, confirming that VCO oil has an SPF<1,
indicating its lack of effectiveness in sunscreen (22).
Different concentrations of tiger prawn head
extract resulted in varying SPF values. Formula I exhibited an average SPF
value of 0.43 ± 0.24, indicating no sun protection. Formula II had an average
SPF of 2.91 ± 0.089, providing minimal protection for 30 min. Formulas III and
IV achieved SPF values of 4.29 ± 0.13 and 4.38 ± 0.21, classifying them as
moderate protection for 43 and 44 min, respectively. Formula V, with 8% tiger
prawn head extract, had an SPF of 6.7 ± 0.27, offering extended protection for
67 min (19). Conversely, Formula VI exhibited a significantly lower SPF of
3.05 ± 0.015, providing minimal protection for only 30 min due to gel
separation caused by high extract concentration (23). The positive control gel containing 4% pure astaxanthin achieved
an SPF of 7.74 ± 0.24, offering extra protection for 78 min. Notably, this SPF
differed significantly from Formula III with the same 4% concentration of tiger
prawn head extract, which had a lower SPF.
The measurement results revealed remarkably
high %TE and %TP values for the two negative controls: 99.89 ± 0.173% and 97.46
± 4.16% for controls without active substances and 94.43 ± 0.34% and 94.59 ±
1.02% for controls with 10% VCO oil (see Figure 3). These percentage values for
erythema transmission and pigmentation were significantly distinct from those
of the five formulas (p>0.05).
Figure 3. Diagram of %erythema transmission and %pigmentation transmission values of positive (PC) and negative (NC and INC) control groups, tiger prawn head extract (EXC), and the six sunscreen gel formulas (FI-FVI). Values are expressed as mean values ± (n = 3). Values followed by an asterisk (*) are significantly different from negative control (NC and INC) and FI groups (p<0.05).
Figure 3 shows the impact of varying the tiger
prawn head extract level on erythema transmission percentage values. In Formula
I, the mean %TE and %TP values were 98.95 ± 0.92% and 98.45 ± 1.3, indicating
its inability to prevent skin erythema and pigmentation (24). Formula II exhibited mean %TE and %TP values of 50.49 ± 0.31 and
46.82 ± 1.38, categorizing it as a fast tanning sunscreen, which darkens the
skin rapidly and allows full transmission of UV A radiation (25). Formula III recorded mean %TE and %TP values of 37.46 ± 1.65 and
33.74 ± 2.12, while Formula IV had values of 35.15 ± 0.84 and 19.65 ± 0.91. Formulas
III and IV fall into the pigmentation sunblock category, providing full
pigmentation protection but not erythema prevention (21).
Formula V, with 8% tiger prawn head
extract, displayed mean %TE and %TP values of 20.45 ± 0.10 and 19.65 ± 0.65,
indicating its ability to prevent erythema and categorizing it as a sunblock
offering maximum protection from erythema and pigmentation. Conversely, Formula
VI recorded significantly increased mean %TE and %TP values of 50.64 ± 0.59 and
43.72 ± 0.32, failing to qualify as adequate erythema protection due to the gel
separation at 10% concentration, resulting in substantial erythema transmission
(lack of UV protection).
Comparatively, the average %TE value for the
positive control, containing 4% pure astaxanthin, was 16.09 ± 0.20, classifying
it as fast tanning. Meanwhile, the average %TP for the gel containing 4% tiger
prawn head extract was 37.46 ± 1.65, falling short of the erythema protection
requirements against UV rays. The higher erythema transmission percentage in
the extract gel with the same concentration as the positive control could be
attributed to the lower concentration of pure astaxanthin in the extract (26).
Physical Properties of Giant Tiger Prawn Head Sunscreen Gel
The results of the spreadability test on
the positive control gel, negative control, negative oil control, FI, FII,
FIII, FIV, FV, and FVI met the criteria for a good spreadability test of 5-7 cm
(27). The pH test results on the FI, FII, FIII, FIV, and FV gels
decreased from pH 6 to pH 5. This is in line with the literature, stating that
the increase in VCO concentration is in line with the increase in the content
of fatty acids. The greater the number of fatty acids, the greater the amount
of H+ that dissociated. It caused the pH of the gel to decrease. Whereas in the
gel containing 10% giant tiger prawn head extract at pH 7, there was an
increase in pH because the gel base and the active substance of giant tiger
prawn head extract were separated, leading to a significant increase in pH (28). This shows that a gel with a concentration of 10% giant tiger
prawn head extract is unsafe because if a sunscreen has an over-alkaline pH, it
will cause scaly skin (29).
The results of the gel adhesion test for
positive control, negative control, and negative control for oil, FI, FII,
FIII, FIV, FV, and FVI showed to have an adhesive power range of 50-90 s so
that all gel formulas met the adhesion test criteria, where the good adhesion
of topical formulation should be more than 4 s (29). The results of this study also showed that increasing the concentration
of the extract reduced the sticking time.
Homogeneity test results for the positive
control gel, negative control, FI, FII, FIII, FIV, and FV showed that they were
homogeneous and had no coarse granules. Meanwhile, the negative control gel
containing 10% oil and the one containing 10% giant tiger prawn head extracted
gel was not homogeneous, and there were oil droplets. This aligns with the
literature, which states that the higher the VCO concentration added, the more
droplets formed (29).
Physical Properties of Gel After Cycling Test
This cycling test was carried out by
storing samples of the nine gel formulas at two different temperatures for six
cycles, where each cycle consisted of a low-temperature storage of 5±2oC
for 24 h and a high-temperature one of 40±2oC for 24 h. This test
aimed to accelerate changes usually occurring under normal conditions (30).
Organoleptic test
results on positive, negative, and negative control oil, FI, FII, FIII, and
FIV, showed no color, odor, or texture change up to six cycles. Meanwhile, in
FV and FVI, changes in shape and color occurred, where the color became more
orange, and the smell of the active substance was more dominant. The factor
that influenced the color change was the browning reaction (browning). The
browning reaction occurs due to the acceleration of oxidation that occurs
during storage (8). Besides, the factor that makes the gel
and the active substance separate was due to storage at high temperatures. The
high temperature will increase the distance between particles so that the force
between particles will decrease. The greater distance causes the viscosity to
decrease so that the base and the active substance can separate (31). The spreadability test results on
positive control, negative control, negative oil control, FI, FII, FIII, FIV,
FV, and FVI showed that the cycling test caused a significant reduction in the
spreadability. This was due to changes in resistance that occurred in the gel,
so the gel's consistency changed (29).
The pH test results
on the FI, FII, FIII, FIV, and FVI gels did not change significantly before and
after the cycling test. There was an increase in pH in the FV gel because,
after the cycling test, the gel on FV underwent physical changes. The base and
a little of the active substance were separated.
The results of the adhesivity assessment on the gel,
including the positive control, negative control, negative control oil, FI,
FII, FIII, FIV, FV, and FVI, showed that the adhesive power range from 40 to 80
s, indicating that all gel formulas after the cycling test, met the criterion
of the test. The homogeneity test results after the cycling test on positive
control gel, negative control, FI, FII, FIII, FIV, and FV did not show any
changes, as the gel remained homogeneous, and there were no coarse grains.
Meanwhile, the negative control gel with 10% oil and the one with 10% giant
tiger prawn head extract gel showed a change, as the gel became homogeneous.
This happened because the negative control gel with 10% oil and the one with
10% giant tiger prawn head extract gel after the cycling test showed a phase
separation between the base and the active substance of prawn head
oil so that the oil droplets in the gel reduced.
Conclusion
The SPF,
%TE, and %TP values of giant tiger prawn head extract (Penaeus monodon) were
8.0±0.11, 18.8±0.25%, and 21.7±0.73%, categorizing it as providing maximum
protection, fast tanning, and sunblock. Increasing the concentration of giant
tiger prawn head extract impacted the SPF value, %TE, %TP, and the physical
stability of the gel. As the extract concentration increased, the sunscreen
potential of the gel improved, albeit at the expense of reduced physical
consistency. In conclusion, the sunscreen gel formulated with an 8%
concentration of giant tiger prawn head extract exhibited the highest sunscreen
efficacy.
Excessive sunlight exposure can lead to various minor skin disorders, including sunburn and the development of chronic skin malignancies. One effective preventive measure against these adverse effects is the use of sunscreen. Sunscreen can be derived from natural sources, such as the astaxanthin compound in giant tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). This study aimed to formulate a sunscreen gel from giant tiger prawn head extract that meets good physical gel standards. Additionally, the study sought to determine the sun protection factor (SPF), erythema transmission level (%TE), and pigmentation transmission level (%TP) through in-vitro testing. The extraction process involved using coconut oil as a solvent using the maceration method. The resultant extract was then evaluated for SPF, %TE, and %TP values and subsequently formulated into gel variants with extract concentrations ranging from 1% to 10%. The findings of this investigation revealed that the giant tiger prawn head extract exhibited SPF, %TE, and %TP values of 8.0±0.11, 18.8±0.25%, and 21.7±0.73%, respectively, categorizing it as providing maximum protection, facilitating fast tanning, and acting as a sunblock. The gel formula containing 8% giant tiger prawn head extract demonstrated the highest sunscreen potential. In conclusion, this study highlights the promising potential of giant tiger prawn head extract as a natural sunscreen ingredient and identifies the optimal gel formula for effective sun protection.
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