Kshitij Suhas Shirke, Tanmay Sanjay Kamble, Kiran Babu Uppar, Namrata Santosh Naware, Sonal Balasaheb Bangar, Shreya Sakharam Ambatkar, Mukesh Patil, Ashish Jain

The well-known tropical tree Psidium guajava, also known as the guava, is widely farmed for its fruit. This article consists of literature about various analytical techniques like TLC, UV spectrophotometry, HPLC, and HPTLC that could be used to analyze the Guava plant. The HPLC analysis of Quercetin isolated from the leaves of the guava plant uses a 4 x 125 mm Hypersil ODS column with a mobile phase of 0.5 percent ortho-phosphoric acid in water and methanol at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The column wash times are 20 min and 18 min, respectively. 250C is the temperature in the column. Silica gel 60F 254 pre-coated plates (10 x 10 cm) were used with toluene: acetone: formic acid (38:10:5) as the solvent system for HPTLC analysis of quercetin obtained from the tender leaves of guava. The λ max was observed in the U.V. spectrum of the isolated compound (quercetin) on three standard wavelengths: 212 nm, 256 nm, and 372 nm. An effort can be made to produce a new analytical method that will be cost-effective and time-saving.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Rima Farag Elmuzghi

Influential factors causing poor adherence to antidiabetic medications and self-care practices among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have not been reported before in Libya. To assess such factors that contribute to non-adherence, a single health facility, cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on T2DM patients attending the NCDE in Tripoli/ Libya; using a pre-tested questionnaire. Crude odds ratios in the binary logistic regression were used to describe the associations between medication adherence and various independent factors using SPSS version 26. Adjusted odds ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were further generated in the multivariable analysis, to determine variables which were independently associated with medication adherence and were considered significant at a p-value of <0.05. Of the 380 study participants, only 225(67.1%) were adherent. 159(41.8%) were non-adherence to physician recommendations and were careless when taking their medication, 200(52.6%) found difficulty maintaining recommended dietary restrictions, 211(55.5%) and 97(25.5%) didn’t adhere to regular exercise or blood glucose monitoring; respectively. Factors significant association with non-adherence were; medication being taken; especially patients who were prescribed OHA and insulin ([AOR] [95% CI] = 0.214[0.073-0.632]), being careless and not taking prescribed medication as recommended ([AOR] [95% CI] = 2.880 [1.387- 5.983]), forgetfulness ([AOR] [95% CI] =0.199 [0.070- 0.570], stop taking prescribed antidiabetic medication when feeling well ( [AOR] [95% CI] = 0.153[0.058- 0.402], medications side effects ( [AOR] [95% CI]=0.382 [0.181- 0.809] and unawareness of the consequences of not adhering to medication as recommended and the consequences skipping doses ([AOR] [95% CI] = 0.146 [0.037- 0.581]). Adherence to recommended medication and self-care practices in Libya is unsatisfactory. Diabetes education, awareness programs, and regular monitoring of T2DM individuals’ medication adherence and self-care practices are vitally required.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Mubarak Muhammad Dahiru, AbdulAzeez Mumsiri Abaka, Neksumi Musa

Bacterial infections subsequently leading to antibiotic resistance has been a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide especially in developing countries with high poverty rate and poor healthcare system. Thus, prompting the prospect in alternative therapy such as medicinal plants. In the present study, we evaluated the antibacterial action of stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) Guill and Perr. as applied in folkloric medicine for antibacterial purposes. The phytochemicals present in the plant extract were identified and quantified, followed by the determination of the antibacterial effects of the extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular docking study was carried out to ascertain the inhibitory effects of compounds from AL against bacterial enzymes. Alkaloids (7.17% ±0.60), saponins (11.33% ±3.18), and flavonoids (31.01% ±4.04) were detected. A maximum ZI was observed for E. coli compared to S. aureus at the highest extract concentration (100 mg/mL) with amoxicillin having superior ZI at 50 mg/mL concentration. The MIC against E. coli and S. aureus were 12.5 mg/mL and ≤ 6.25 mg/mL respectively while the MBC was&gt;100 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively. Among the identified compounds, IX exhibited the least binding affinity (BA) (7.2 kcal/mol) and inhibition constant (Ki) (5 µM) against UDP-N-acetylglucosamine Enolpyruvyl Transferase (Mur A) compared to all the other targets. AL demonstrated antibacterial activity evidenced by the bacterial growth inhibition, bactericidal potential, and in-silico study revealing high affinity of the bacterial enzymes for the identified compounds, thereby supporting the acclaimed antibacterial use of the plant in folkloric medicine.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Shouvik Kumar Nandy, Shikha Thakur

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The airway epithelium produces bioactive cellular mediators that trigger the chronic inflammatory response. These mediators then attract and activate inflammatory cells in the airways of the lungs and release more biochemical mediators. With several benefits, such as a significant reduction in the cost and time of drug discovery as well as the use of laboratory animals, in silico studies have grown to be an important and simple method for examining various chemical compounds against various targets. One of the common herbs found in the local Himalayan area is Brugmansia sauveolens, known as Datura, which is a source of tropane alkaloids and asthma can be effectively managed with alkaloids. Using a Soxhlet extractor, the collected plant components were first extracted with petroleum ether (to remove fats) followed by methanol. Online technologies like PASS Online, Molinspiration, SEA, SWISS, and SLAP data were used for a variety of in silico predictions. After that, we tested the ability of Brugmansia extracts to reduce inflammation using an in vitro approach. Rat RBC membrane lyses were stabilized using the plant extract fractions. The outcomes were also compared with aspirin (a common anti-inflammatory drug). Bioinformatics techniques were used to detect structural activity. After investigating all the data It was shown that B. sauveolens had anti-asthmatic activity.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Siuli Sen, Malita Sarma Borthakur, Dipak Chetia

Herbal cosmetics are formulated using different cosmetic ingredients to form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to cure various skin ailments. The name suggests that herbal cosmetics are natural and free from all the harmful synthetic chemicals that otherwise may be toxic to the skin. Compared to other beauty products, natural cosmetics are safe to use. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic-pharmaceutical hybrid products intended to improve the health and beauty of the skin by providing a specific result. There are numerous herbs available naturally that have different uses in cosmetic preparations for skincare, hair care, and as antioxidants. The current study included a review and authentication of the various aspects of the plant Lawsonia inermis. L. inermis, commonly known as henna, has been cultivated for thousands of years for its leaves, which contain a natural dye molecule called lawsone that is commonly used to dye hair, skin, and fabrics. Henna has a long history of use in traditional medicine, where it has been used to treat a variety of ailments. In addition to its medicinal and cosmetic uses, henna has cultural and religious significance in many parts of the world and is commonly used to decorate the skin for weddings, festivals, and other special occasions. Because of these&nbsp; properties, the L. inermis plant can be used as a medicine against a wide range of pathogenic organisms and diseases. This review covers the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and traditional uses of the plant.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Akinlade Mary Ololade, Fredrick Chinedu Anowi, Ajaghaku Amara Anwuchaepe, Ejiofor InnocentMary IfedibaluChukwu

Picralima nitida the only species in the genus Picralima belongs to the Apocyanaceae family. It is widely known for its medicinal purposes. The aim of the study was to investigate pharmacognostic parameters of the leaf and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity using Swiss Albino mice. The physicochemical evaluation indicated 11.75% moisture content, 8.50% total ash, 9.50% acid insoluble ash, 4.00% water soluble ash, 13.75% alcohol extractive value and 11.00% water extractive value. Macroscopic analysis on the fresh leaves revealed an odourless green plant with bitter taste. Microscopic examination indicated the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, epidermal cells, xylem, parenchyma cells, paracytic stomata and palisade tissue. Chemomicroscopic evaluation indicated the presence of oxalate crystals, starch grains, lignified tissues, tannins, cellulose, protein and oil. The acute toxicity result revealed that P. nitida had no adverse effect in Swiss Albino mice. The ethyl acetate fraction had hepatoprotective ability on liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) and can produce the same result as ascorbic acid (standard).

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Mohammadreza Saeed, Anoosh Eghdami

Helicobacter pylori is a significant risk factor for chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer. The purpose of this article is to investigate the potential impact of fifty herbal compounds derived from Ginger and Parsley plants, known for their antibacterial properties on the Oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitro reductase enzyme of metronidazole-resistant H. pylori. In the present study, the information on the structure of compounds, the H. pylori resistant to metronidazole enzyme, myristicin, and shogaol derivatives were obtained from databases such as ZINC15, RCSB (Protein Data Bank), and PubChem, respectively. Finally, molecular docking was performed with iGemdock2.1 and Molegro Virtual Docker. After molecular docking, four out of the fifty phytocompounds showed the lowest energy and the highest number of interactions with the amino acids at the binding sites. Among these four phytocompounds, the best phytocompound was N-Vanillyloctanamide derived from Ginger. Our molecular docking study suggests that ginger can be introduced as a potential candidate to inhibit the growth of H. pylori.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Nayana Bhuyan, Shatabdi Ghose, Smitashikha Bhattacharya, Tapash Chakraborty

Exposure to zero gravity causes many physiological changes which may result to affect the health of people involved in space travel. The current review summarizes current knowledge on the start and progression of space motion sickness, bone loss, muscle loss, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory problems, and neuronal and hormonal problems. Around 70% of astronauts suffer from space adaption syndrome, fluid changes, and head motions. It has also been suggested that otolith asymmetries and Coriolis cross-coupling stimulation are the main causes of space motion sickness. The findings reveal that space flight directly affects the body's normal functioning. Despite an intense training routine, a study of historical data from piloted flights discovered that slow degradation of bone and muscle tissue, along with fluid losses, can eventually lead to kidney stones, musculoskeletal problems, bone fractures, and even problems with other organs of the body. Due to such problems focus is given to curing these problems associated with space travel. Medicines that are used in space and medicinal plants like Spirulina, and Ginseng that are of use for the treatment of these problems associated with space travel are discussed along with the treatment options available for such problems in space and the cautions that must be followed. Also, the herbal medication that can be used in outer space is taken into account. The findings of this study state the necessary precaution that needs to be taken by astronauts in outer space and also provides information for future research to be done on solving these problems.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Ahmed Abd El-Moniem Amer

Migraine is a common neurological disorder that may be accompanied by vascular disturbances, Migraine is one of the most causes of disability worldwide. Zingiber officinale is a medicinal herb that has an analgesic effect on many disorders such as headaches, migraine, muscle tension, stomach spasm, and dysmenorrhea. Also, ginger has many pharmacological actions used to treat and prevent various common symptoms and diseases. This review aims to evaluate the potential of ginger to treat or prevent migraine episodes. Especially nowadays, patients prefer herbal and complementary medicine to avoid the hard side effects of chemical drugs. The author searched several databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online, and Scopus through February 2023 for recent articles with good quality evaluating the potential of ginger to treat migraine patients. The author made investigations and Interpretations depending on the results of the authors' experiments in previous articles included in my review. It is suggested that the bioactive compounds in ginger have the potential to treat and prevent acute migraine episodes effectively and safely. The author recommends encouraging the manufacturing of different pharmaceutical dosage forms of ginger extract to be used worldwide in a safe way and to render a higher absorption rate, and pharmacological response.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Bedanta Bhattacharjee, Rajashri Bezbaruah, Damanbhalang Rynjah, Arzoo Newar, Sindhuja Sengupta, Padmanath Pegu, Nikita Dey, Shekhar Chandra Bora, Dhunusmita Barman

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a novel technology with boundless significance that can be used in the medical sector that offers noninvasive in-vivo applications without damaging the living tissues. CAPs can be obtained by curtailing the concentration of high-energetic electrons per phase and by freezing molecules/atoms (devoid of charge) in plasma utilizing gas circulation and atmospheric air, which includes a variety of charged and neutral reactive entities, UV rays, electric currents, and fields, etc. that have an influence on cellular material in a multitude of diverse manners. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), produced by the plasma, essentially cause biological and therapeutically advantageous plasma effects. CAP plasma has several important biological functions, including the deactivation of pathogens, induction of tissue restoration and cell propagation, the annihilation of cells by triggering apoptosis, etc. Several fundamental concepts are defined, even if the precise process of the effect of plasma on biomolecules is still not properly identified. Depending on the biological synthesis of RNS and ROS in reactions to plasma emissions, the present review described several aspects of plasma therapy in neuroscience, particularly in anti-glioblastoma, neuro-differentiation, and neuroprotection and also the various applications of CAP in medical fields where it is used in the therapy of SARS-CoV-2, cancer therapy, and chronic and acute wounds. Furthermore, the proliferation in stem cells, dental medicines, dermatology, and a brief insight into CAP devices and their risk factors was highlighted.

Sciences of Pharmacy