Elena O Bakhrushina, Liliya M Buraya, Egor D Moiseev, Marina M Shumkova, Maria A Davydova, Ivan I Krasnyuk

Abiraterone acetate is one of the effective therapies in castration-resistant prostate cancer. There is only one dosage form in the form of film-coated tablets. Abiraterone has proven effective but has disadvantages and contraindications that complicate therapy. One of them is a positive food effect affecting the bioavailability and side effects of the drug. Abiraterone is taken strictly on an empty stomach, and the bioavailability of the drug, in this case, reaches only 10%. In addition, the drug is contraindicated in people with hepatic insufficiency since the main metabolism is in the liver. These and other disadvantages can be eliminated by obtaining targeted delivery systems - liposomes and nanocrystals. Another dosage form could be considered for the active pharmaceutical agent that would be cost-effective, accessible and have higher bioavailability for effective treatment. An intratumoral polymeric in situ implant is chosen as an excellent dosage form, the matrix of which will contain an optimized form of abiraterone, which can stably target a tumor.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Shuby Kumari, Sheikh Rezzak Ali, Obaidur Rahman, Amit Kumar, Hans Raj Bhat, Surajit Kumar Ghosh, Anshul Shakya

Among all cereals, oat is considered to be one of the goods consumed in functional grain, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical components. The review article aims to explore plant profile, phytochemical constituents present in different parts, and potential therapeutic agent which prevents people from different diseases with their respective mechanism of action it also includes toxicity studies, dosage form, marketed formulation, and industrial application. The information on Avena sativa is collected from the different databases available in Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to search for research papers for literature and data. Reviewed information suggests that the A. Sativa is a good source of a range of phytochemicals including lignans, saponin, anthocyanidins, and avenanthramides, which might be directly and/or indirectly linked with beneficial nutraceutical and/or pharmacological effect(s). The review states, that A. sativa is a promising candidate as a functional and/or non-functional food because of various phytoconstituents. The clinical report has described that the utilization of oats can provide several health benefits. However, systematic rational investigations for such indications and safety profiles are yet to be explored.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Fauzia Noprima Okta, Desi Nadya Aulena, Pramudita Ika Yuliana, Risma Marisi Tambunan

One of the world's silent killer diseases is hypertension. Hypertension occurs when angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and decreasing sodium and water excretion. The mechanism of angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II appears in the presence of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE). Dayak onion is widely used as an antihypertensive in traditional medicine. This study aims to identify secondary metabolites, determine total flavonoid content, determine extract quality parameters, and ACE inhibitory activity of the Dayak onion herb. Dayak onion herb was extracted with 70% ethanol by kinetic maceration, followed by phytochemical screening, extract quality assessment, and ACE inhibitory test. The results show that the Dayak onion extract has a good properties with total ash content of 4.49%, water-soluble ash content of 4.00%, acid-insoluble ash content of 0.41%, drying shrinkage of 9.70%, water content of 5.72%, solvent residue of 0.67%, Pb heavy metal content of 0.2908 mg/kg, Cd heavy metal content of 0.0880 mg/kg, total plate number ≤103 colonies/g, and yeast mold numbers ≤103 colonies/g. Dayak onions herbs extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, triterpenoid, quinone, steroid and essential oil compounds. The total flavonoid content was 2.24% and the IC50 in ACE inhibitory test was 98.5 ± 0.77 ppm, making it two times more potent than Veronica biloba and Schoenoplectus triqueter. The result of this study indicates that the Dayak onion herb can be used as an alternative for antihypertensive treatment.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Tanmay Sanjay Kamble, Kshitij Suhas Shirke, Kiran Babu Uppar, Sonal Balasaheb Bangar, Namrata Santosh Naware, Shreya Sakharam Ambatkar, Mukesh Patil, Ashish Jain

Syzygium cumini, also known as Jamun, Jambul, or Indian blackberry, is a species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent. A comprehensive literature review shows that Jamun can be considered one of the most versatile herbal medicines with antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and other properties. This review aims to investigate and understand the previous research on Jamun, including its pharmacognosy and pharmacological history, to confirm its potential to treat a variety of illnesses. The study also examined the current pharmaceutical formulations available in the market to understand the potential for developing medications from the components of Jamun. To comprehend the available studies, the analytical backdrop is also reviewed. Despite being the focus of many research studies, there are still many unanswered questions regarding Jamun. Therefore, the best formulations or products may be produced in these sectors, possibly through nutraceuticals, to support improved pharmacological aspects or health promotion. This review will help identify unexplored areas where specific tasks related to Jamun can be done.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Navajit Sahu, Bikram Dutta Tassa, Swarnamoni Das

The demand of herbal based medicines are increasing all over the world and the focus on plant research has increased. Centella asiatica (CA) is a medicinal herb used in traditional medicine as remedy for a variety of diseases. It is widely used in Ayurvedic medicines. The present study evaluated the Analgesic Activity of Aqueous Extract of the leaves of Centella asiatica (AECA). Acute oral toxicity test was performed according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008 (OECD) guidelines. The tail flick method and glacial acetic acid-induced writhing tests were used to study the central and peripheral analgesic activities of AECA, respectively. AECA (200mg/kg) produced significant analgesia in both central and peripheral mechanisms compared to the control. The maximal analgesic effect was observed after 90 minutes of drug administration in the tail-flick method. In the glacial acetic acid-induced writhing test, AECA (200 mg/kg, p.o) produced a significant decrease (71.07%) in the number of writhes (p<0.01) when compared to the control. Therefore, CA can be a very promising herbal-based medicine for treatment of various painful conditions. Further investigations are needed to determine the precise mechanism and site of action of AECA.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Jajang Japar Sodik, Yani Mulyani

Antibiotic resistance is a critical issue that threatens global health. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common respiratory pathogen, has developed resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, which is of great concern. The primary mechanism of β-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae is the acquisition of PBP genes from related species through recombination, resulting in changes in penicillin-binding proteins that affect cell wall synthesis. This mini-review summarized the understanding of β-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae, focusing on the mechanisms and factors influencing resistance development. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar, with the keywords ‘Resistant Streptococcus pneumonia’, ‘Mechanism of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant’, and ‘Penicillin Resistant on Binding Protein of Streptococcus pneumonia’. Our literature review revealed that the prevalence of β-lactam resistance in S. pneumoniae has increased, leading to treatment failures and mortality rates. In addition to acquiring PBP genes, mutations in other PBP and non-PBP genes can contribute to resistance. Furthermore, S. pneumoniae has intrinsic resistance to various antibiotics, including first-generation polypeptides, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. Our review highlights the importance of understanding the complex mechanisms of β-lactam resistance and the need for continued efforts to monitor and control antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae. Further research is needed to explore novel strategies for combating antibiotic resistance in this pathogen.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Avinash J. Pujari, Bidhan Dolai

The study focused on using scientometric methods to analyze forensic medicine and toxicology literature. The selected period for the study was from 2013 to 2022, allowing for a recent and comprehensive field analysis. The study used bibliographic data from a PubMed database, a widely used biomedical literature database. The study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the production and dissemination of the literature in the field. To achieve this, the study analyzed various bibliometric indicators, including theme analysis, keyword evolvement, and collaboration map. The analysis of trending topics and future thematic directions in the field was also conducted to provide insight that could inform and stimulate the research interests of young researchers. This scholarly article explains the construction of author networks, the assessment of author productivity yearly, and the analysis of affiliation networks and organizations. The number of articles published by an institution is an essential indicator of research productivity and expertise in the particular field. The study's findings provided valuable insights into the trends and patterns in forensic medicine and toxicology.

Sciences of Pharmacy

Kalyani Pathak, Riya Saikia, Aparoop Das

Garcinia cowa Rox. is a tropical fruit traditionally used in various parts of Asia for medicinal purposes. Recent research has indicated that it may have potential as an antidiabetic drug. Studies have shown that the extract from the fruit of G. cowa can lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. This effect is believed to be due to various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and xanthones, which have demonstrated antidiabetic properties. In addition, fruit extract has also been found to improve lipid metabolism, often disrupted in individuals with diabetes. The extract has been shown to reduce levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Further studies are needed to explore the full potential of G. cowa as an antidiabetic drug, including clinical trials in humans. However, these initial findings suggest that this tropical fruit is a promising natural and effective treatment option for individuals with diabetes.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Igbokwe Mariagoretti Chikodili, Ibe Ifeoma Chioma, Ilechukwu Augusta Ukamaka, Oju Theclar Nnenna, Okoye Delphine Ogechukwu, Ernest Eze Mmesoma, Ekeomodi Christabel Chikodi, Ejiofor InnocentMary IfedibaluChukwu

The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) is continuously rising worldwide. Among its types, type I is characterized by the destruction of beta cells triggered by various mechanisms, including the activation of Caspase 3. Studies have demonstrated the crucial role of Caspase 3 in initiating the apoptosis of beta cells in DM. Our research aims to identify possible phytocompounds inhibitors of Caspase 3 using computational approach. We obtained 3D structures of Caspase 3 and 6511 phytocompounds from the Protein Data Bank and the African Natural Products Database, respectively. The phytocompounds were assessed for druglikeness properties, topological polar surface area, and preliminary toxicity using DataWarrior. The phytocompounds were subjected to molecular docking simulation (MDS) at Caspase 3 active site using AutoDock-Vina. The frontrunner phytocompounds obtained from the MDS were subjected to protease inhibition prediction on Molinspiration. The pharmacokinetics of the phytocompounds were assessed on SwissADME. The in-depth computational toxicity profile of the phytocompounds was evaluated on the pkCSM web. The binding interactions of the phytocompounds with Caspase 3 were assessed with Discovery Studio Visualizer and Maestro. Seventeen phytocompounds were found to have no violation of Lipinski's rule and had no toxicity based on the preliminary assessment, have better binding affinity and protease inhibitory prediction scores than the references, have optimistic bioactivity radar prediction and similar amino acids interaction, in comparison with the references. Further studies, which include in-vitro and in-vivo studies, will be carried out to validate the results of this study.

Sciences of Phytochemistry

Ajeng illastria Rosalina, Erny Sagita, Iskandarsyah Iskandarsyah

Novasome technology is a novel encapsulation-based drug delivery method that is more effective and efficient than standard liposome systems. It is composed of a mixture of surfactant, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which produce superior vesicle characteristics for drug delivery. Various studies have investigated the optimal combination of surfactant type, free fatty acid type, and their ratio, as well as the formulation factors that can significantly affect the vesicle characteristics. The novasome technology has demonstrated its potential for delivering a range of substances, including terconazole, fenticonazole, zolmitriptan, and vaccines. Novasomes can be produced using various methods, such as the thin film hydration (TFH) method, injection method, and vortex method combined with a suitable size reduction method. Future research can focus on exploring the potential of novasome technology for delivering a wider range of drugs and vaccines and developing more efficient and effective methods for producing novasome vesicles.

Sciences of Pharmacy